Infraspinatus atrophy in a baseball pitcher with a UCL sprain

Infraspinatus atrophy due to a spinoglenoid notch cyst

This was an incidental finding of mine in a collegiate baseball pitcher. He presented with a UCL sprain during his senior year and was struggling.

He came in looking to salvage his senior year and attempt to pitch at some point. UCL surgery would’ve been warranted if he was anything but a senior.

UCL Evaluation

We evaluated his elbow and he presented with typical findings of painful valgus stress tests. I’ve discussed my UCL exam previously in a post that you can find here.

UCL Tommy John Assessment

His shoulder PROM was slightly limited compared to what we normally see in our overhead throwers, which may have contributed to his elbow issues.

He only had 120 degrees of external rotation compared to 110 degrees on the right side. If you’re wondering how I measure external rotation, then this video below may be a good one to review.

External rotation passive range of motion (PROM)

We use these concepts for our research studies that we have published on weighted ball usage the past few years.

For those that will ask about GIRD, he had 60 degrees of IR on the L side and 50 degrees on the R side. I’m not a big GIRD guy like has been written by others. I still think GIRD is pretty normal and our research has shown that too.

Remember, we showed that differences in total rotational range of motion greater than 5 degrees was significant. This study was published in AJSM back in 2011.

Furthermore, we showed a connection between the loss of passive flexion and elbow injury.

This result was also shown by Camp et al in a separate study, as well.

I had him remove his shirt and noticed a large defect in the infraspinatus area that showed obvious atrophy (see picture below).

Infraspinatus atrophy due to a spinoglenoid notch cyst
Infraspinatus atrophy due to a spinoglenoid notch cyst

The cyst was compressing the suprascapular nerve as it coursed along the spine of the scapula.

His external rotation strength was significantly weaker on his throwing side compared to his right side. This would make complete sense considering the amount of atrophy present.

Often times surgery is warranted to decompress the nerve. There’s often an underlying labral tear that has resulted in a cyst to form. The surgery would remove the cyst and repair the labrum to prevent future issues.

Quick Literature Review on Surgical Outcomes

Reports of improved outcomes are in the literature, here and here and here.

Obviously, this may have contributed to his elbow issues as the posterior cuff muscles are tremendous stabilizers of the arm, especially during the deceleration phase of throwing.

Treatment for infraspinatus muscle atrophy

Our goal was to calm the elbow down through active rest and focus on strengthening of his forearm and shoulder musculature.

We used neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to the infraspinatus. We felt as if the electrical stimulation would allow for a better muscle contraction than what he could do actively. This is a similar concept to using NMES to the quads after a knee surgery.

NMES to the infraspinatus to help with muscle recruitment

We have previously shown in AJSM that NMES to the infraspinatus was beneficial to patients after a rotator cuff repair. It helped improve their muscle contraction by 22% in the group with the NMES applied during testing.

Outcomes and final thoughts

Believe it or not, we were able to salvage his senior year despite all of the issues that presented.

He made numerous pitching outings and was pretty successful for his team.

The lesson here: Don’t take anything for granted, observe and test.

Make sure you look distal and proximal. It could’ve been very easy to just treat the elbow with some exercises and massage. Don’t get me wrong, we did a bunch of strengthening exercises to his forearm.

His secondary finding was most likely a leading cause for his elbow dysfunction.

This isn’t the 1st time that I’ve run across an issue like this. I’ve found numerous scapula dysfunctions like this involving the infraspinatus. But also a winging issue due to a long thoracic nerve palsy.

You must look at the whole picture… shirts off for a guy and a sports bra for a female to make sure we’re not missing anything obvious!

Risk Factors for Recurrent Instability After a Bankart Repair Surgery

Recurrent instability after a Bankart repair surgery is unfortunately very common. This paper looks to highlight the most common risk factors associated with recurrent instability.

I thnk it’s valuable to understand these various risk factors so you can better educate your patients. It may also help clinicians be mindful of the people that may need to have their rehab modified appropriately.

I see a lot of high school and college students that have had a shoulder injury. In this population, they’ll specifically have a dislocation event.

If there is one factor that you should consider in educating a patient about surgery or not, it is their age.

I’ll review this paper from The Bone and Joint Journal and let you know what you need to consider when a patient presents to you with an acute shoulder dislocation.

Age Influences Recurrence Rates

A patient’s age is a huge factor in determining whether or not they will have a recurrent instability episode. And people younger than 25 years of age, I typically recommend a surgery to stabilize the shoulder joint and prevent future issues.

Hovelius et al has shown that patients in their 20’s exhibited a recurrence rate of 60%, whereas patients in their 30’s to 40’s had a recurrence rate of less than 20%. 

Unfortunatley the long term prognosis in these people does not seem promising. They often develop some form of a shoulder arthropathy, as seen in this study by Hovelius in 2016.

That’s not to say that surgery is 100% required. In this study, they showed that ‘after 25 years, half of the primary anterior shoulder dislocations had been treated nonoperatively. And in these patients with an age of 12-25 years, many had not had any recurrences and had become stable over time.

What are the risk factors for recurrent instability or revision surgery following arthroscopic Bankart repair?

This paper ‘sought to determine the rate and risk factors associated with ongoing instability in patients undergoing arthroscopic Bankart repair for instability of the shoulder.’

They looked at 5719 patients with a mean age was 24.9 years, which is pretty much what we see in the clinic.

Nearly 10% of patients (8.1%) in this study had to undergo a 2nd surgery at a mean of 31 months post-operative. So, the 1st 2 years after a surgery is critical, just like in the ACL literature.

Patients between the ages of 10 and 19 had the highest rate of subsequent procedures (11.0%), and comprised over half the patients (53.8%) undergoing a revision procedure or closed reduction.

They also went to conclude that:

  • Younger age,
  • Caucasian race,
  • bilateral instability,
  • and closed reduction prior to the initial repair were independent risk factors for recurrent instability.

They also showed that a 2nd arthroscopic surgery had significantly higher rates of persistent instability than subsequent open revision procedures.

Treatment for shoulder instability

In this post that I wrote for Medbridge Education, an online continuing education company, I discuss my progression for a rotator cuff related issue.

You can use this progression when developing a plan for these patients that have had an instability episode. These progressions are used to treat both non-operative or post-surgery patients.

There are so many different variables to consider when trying to initiate physical thrapy. I tried to outline them below.

This table outlines some of the variables that Kevin Wilk and I came up with in a recent paper in Clinics in Sports Medicine journal in 2013.

Key factors to consider in the unstable shoulder

Conclusions from this paper

This paper should help you to better understand the populations at risk for recurrent instability. I try to use these papers to educate my future patients that are considering a surgey.

Keep in mind, surgery should be saved for only those that truly need it. Physical therapy can often be employed in most patient populations.

Be mindful of the patients that wuld most benefoit from surgery. Confidently educate them that their decision will be the best for them to return to their function.

An Update on Diagnosing SLAP tears

Diagnosing a SLAP tear is not easy

We hear a lot about trying to diagnose shoulder pain and to be as specific as possible. It’s often difficult to differentiate SLAP (superior labrum anterior to posterior) tears from other soft tissue injuries of the shoulder.

For a review of the different types of SLAP tears, check out this old blog post that classifies the 10 different types of tears.

from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SLAP-Lesion-front-2.jpg

This paper in IJSPT by Clark et al 2019 attempts to help out the process and recommend a few special tests that MAY aid in diagnosing a SLAP tear.

What do they Recommend to diagnose a slap tear?

They recommend that a combination of at least 3 positive SLAP lesion tests may be clinically useful in diagnosing a shoulder SLAP lesion with greater diagnostic accuracy.

Combo of Tests

The combination of the Biceps Load I/II and O’Brien’s showed the highest sensitivity and specificity.

I have found similar results with this set of special tests so maybe this paper just hits my biases correctly.

In this video at my YouTube channel, I wanted to let you hear my thoughts and small tweaks to the evaluation process.

It’s not easy to diagnose a SLAP tear.

Differential Diagnosis is Critical

Furthermore, does it really matter and will it change the treatment plan much at all? I think it may a little but overall it will remain a pretty similar treatment approach to other similar pathologies like:

  • rotator cuff tendonopathy
  • Biceps strain
  • Latissimus strain
  • Subscapularis strain
  • internal impingement
  • pectoralis major strain

I think one also needs to consider the cervical spine and to make sure the pain is not referred from the neck.

Otherwise, a well thought out program should be implemented that addresses the strain on the shoulder and any strength issues.

I talked about this in an article that I wrote for Medbridge a while back so check out that post here:

You can also check out a snippet of one of my courses at this YouTube video where I discuss rotator cuff and labral issues. Hope it helps too!

Will this Change your Practice?

How ever you look at it, I wanted to use this paper to let you know that there MAY be a cluster of tests that better diagnose a suspected SLAP tear in your next patient’s shoulder.

Check out the paper and comment so we can talk it through. Are these tests similar to what you use in your clinical practice? Will this paper change what you do in your clinical practice?

The Evolution of a Physical Therapist

I’ve been a practicing Physical Therapist since 2003. I’ve observed a lot, talked to a bunch and read a lot. By all means, I am no expert! The evolution and growth of a physical therapist can take many roads.

I am always learning and listening but at times I do become complacent (that’s human nature). I’d be the 1st to admit that. I sometimes get stuck in my ways despite what others are saying in the literature or on social media.

I think that’s the great thing about social media…it keeps me listening. It has helped me to evolve and keep me on my game.

Ultimately, what has kept me on my game has been my desire to give my patients the best care that I can give them. I would expect the same from my own personal healthcare provider (I have a PCP, dermatologist, and a rheumatologist).

We have a responsibility to be the best for our patients. There are a lot of people chirping their opinions all over the place s I wanted to take this time to reflect on how I’ve seen many PT’s grow.

I’ve always wanted to write this post but I was inspired by my friend and co-owner of Champion Physical Therapy Mike Reinold when he posted this graphic on his Instagram feed.

I’d like to briefly chat about the evolution of a physical therapist through my eyes.

There seems to be a general development that occurs in the PT world- most are good but I’m beginning to see a side that is a bit disheartening. Maybe it’s a social media thing but I think we need to take a step back and re-evaluate for a second.

We’re always looking for a protocol to guide our patients. Here’s my attempt at the phases of a PT…Hope you enjoy (some of it is tongue-in-cheek so don’t get all crazy on me!)

The New Grad DPT student

This is the hungry, newly crowned physical therapist looking to break into the profession. Their eyes finally on the prize but probably scared to death (I hyperbolize). No more clinical instructors to guide you. No more reliance on someone else to lead the way. The plan of care is all yours!

Looking at your schedule for the next day or week, you may see that eval that worries you. Someone on the schedule with a diagnosis of “LBP” or a post-op ACL.

It was easier to treat these when your CI called the shots and you could observe, help and chime in with your thoughts and treatments. Accountability was minimal but the rewards seemed grandiose when the patient emerged with better function.

  • When is it safe to push an ACL?
  • How fast should one start strengthening after a rotator cuff repair?
  • When is it safe to start a throwing program after a Tommy John surgery?
  • What do you tell the patient when they come in with their 1st episode of acute low back pain and how do you treat it?

These are just a few of the challenges a new grad has to face.

Insurances are daunting. People can be daunting. You greatly influence the functional outcomes of that person sitting in front of you. Your words and actions matter but you don’t know that yet.

I often compare this stage to a new NFL quarterback who struggles to read defenses and rushes the ball when he throws…oftentimes to a defensive back waiting for an easy interception. He wasn’t anticipating that defense and got nervous. The game was moving too quickly and he can’t keep up with the schemes.

This is the new grad, a simplified version, but one that tries to do a lot but has minimal experiences and abilities to “read the defense.” The game is moving quickly and your decisions often come with little confidence.

But don’t worry, the game will slow down a bit.

2-5 years out and Feeling Confident

At this point, you’ve seen a bunch. You better understand the complexities of people, the medical system and how to kinda manipulate your way through. You realize that you can do it but your school studying was only a small prep for reality.

You’re motivated, finding your groove and beginning to get comfortable. There are still some questions but you don’t have to rely on the other PT’s in your group to help with progressions.

Pubmed has hopefully become your greatest ally, hopefully.

Although I do run into many that rely on Facebook and Twitter for their ‘research’. There’s always a post looking for advice on progressing a meniscus repair or return to a sport after an ACL.

I’ll often direct them to PubMed because just feeding people research is not helping them in the long run. They need to know where to find the information and learn how to interpret it.

The game is slowing down and your confidence is growing. Some even think they’re super-confident and try to ‘take on the world’. They are the ones out on social media leading the charge for change. A revolution of sorts…that their way is better than what has been done the past 5, 10, 20, 40 years!

They’re seeing their practice through rosy glasses with blinders. Blind to the fact that there are many before them who equally tried to champion a cause only to find out there’s more to it. The journey, although it seems triumphant and vigilant, falls short.

There will always be a new treatment technique, new modality a new system that is promising better outcomes. Your words, although seemingly loud, fall on so many deaf ears because the ship is going to steer itself. You’ve tried to lead the charge only to learn that the profession of PT is bigger than you.

You can only control what happens within your practice, or the few people that follow you on Instagram.  Although those ‘followers’ are often bots of some sort, pretending to like your content.

It’s a strange world out there, your words are seemingly wise, but there are so many out there shouting similar words that it gets drowned out. You think your experiences, although limited in the grand scheme of things, should guide your practice and the people that ‘follow’ you.

This, my friend, is where you’ve gone wrong. You have a ways to go. In fact, you’ll never get there. You’ll realize that each day presents a new challenge that doesn’t fall into a predefined mental algorithm.

When you have this revelation, then I think you’re ready to explore the next phase of your growth curve.

5+ years- beyond

The chart above calls you an expert but I’m not 100% a fan of this. No one in our field is truly an expert because there are challenges way above anything we could ever control.

Each personality that enters into our facilities presents with life stories that have shaped their pain, their expectations, and their outcomes.

But you know what, it’s at this stage that you realize that you are only a small piece of the puzzle. You can only help guide the process based on your plethora of experiences.

You’ve stayed on top of the literature and have altered how you practice. You no longer think that your way is the best but have dabbled in many other systems and taken a bit from all of them. Your way is NOT the best way.

You also have come to realize that there are always outliers out there. You know the ones that think the extreme positions are the best for all patients.

For example, there’s a huge social media push that says “manual therapy sucks”. No one should use manual therapy and you’re only wasting your time.

The flip side arguments say that there are many people that have a shifted inominate (whatever the hell that means) or a rib that is out of place. That therapist has been pounding on that pelvis or relocating that rib 1x per week for 52 weeks and has that patient convinced that they need more visits.

These are the outlier PT’s (I’m not speaking for other professions so don’t try to sucker me in) that are loud on social media but don’t necessarily represent the majority.

You see, the majority are trying to do it correctly (at least I think they are). The young PT that is 2-5 years out only sees those outliers as a challenge to his/her practice and is trying to yell at them. When in reality, you’re speaking to the minority, the group that barely exists.

You should be speaking to everyone else. The ones on social media that have taken a middle-of-the-road approach. They are doing their best, are on facebook looking for advice and busting their butts in the clinic.

They are limited by resources, time and updated knowledge. These are the people hungry to learn but are stuck somewhere in the 3 categories above.

These therapists are the ones you should be trying to chat with. You recognize that your vast experiences can help them.

It’s when you have this breakthrough that I think you’re ready to enter that last growth phase. You’re confident in your practice and willing to share. You speak to other groups, you publish clinical research, and you review research papers for journals.

To me, this is the utmost level and should be where most of the PT’s strive to get. Your knowledge continues to grow as you read. Each patient experience and interaction is another mental data point that sharpens your practice. These data points will blend in with your research readings and produce a so-called ‘expert’.

I invite you to challenge yourself by aligning with a clinician or group that produces clinical research, reviews journals and stays on top of the literature. Until then, don’t talk the talk unless you can walk the walk.

Some will think I’m being harsh, but I think you’ll have the realization, like I did back in the day, that our PT profession is bigger than us. Control what you can control and keep the ultimate goal in mind- THE PRIORITY IS TO GIVE THE BEST CARE FOR OUR PATIENTS, ALWAYS!

I’ve written about this before…about empowering the patient and keeping them in the driver’s seat. Check it out here.

I’d love to hear your comments. Please share with your friends, new grads and experienced PT’s. Social media has given many a voice but the loudest voices are not always the wisest voices!