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Research

Published Research

Over 20 years of peer reviewed research on the throwing shoulder, the elbow, and knee and ACL rehab, much of it done alongside Kevin Wilk, Dr. James Andrews, Glenn Fleisig and Mike Reinold.

25Peer reviewed papers
6in the American Journal of Sports Medicine
20Years publishing, 2006 to 2026
NewestShoulder, Elbow and Baseball
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · 2026
Interval Throwing Programs of Various Duration for Baseball Players Based on Biomechanical Workload Data

Four interval throwing programs (6 weeks, 12 weeks, 5 months and 7 months) built from biomechanical workload data, so you can match the return to throwing plan to the injury or surgery.

Shoulder, Elbow and Baseball
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · 2024
An Interval Throwing Program for Baseball Pitchers Based upon Workload Data

A modern interval throwing program built on workload data, with a smoother ramp back to competition after injuries like Tommy John surgery.

Knee and ACL
Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · 2023
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation for the 10- to 18-Year-Old Adolescent Athlete: Practice Guidelines Based on International Delphi Consensus

International consensus guidelines for ACL rehab in 10 to 18 year old athletes, from phase 1 exercises to return to sport criteria.

Shoulder, Elbow and Baseball
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · 2021
The Safety and Efficacy of Weighted Baseballs

Where the science stands on weighted baseballs: what they do for velocity, and the injury risk that comes with them.

Shoulder, Elbow and Baseball
Sports Health · 2018
Effect of a 6-Week Weighted Baseball Throwing Program on Pitch Velocity, Pitching Arm Biomechanics, Passive Range of Motion, and Injury Rates

Weighted balls bumped velocity about 3%, but 24% of pitchers in the training group got hurt, while none in the control group did.

Shoulder, Elbow and Baseball
American Journal of Sports Medicine · 2015
Deficits in Glenohumeral Passive Range of Motion Increase Risk of Shoulder Injury in Professional Baseball Pitchers: A Prospective Study

Pitchers without enough extra external rotation on their throwing side were 2.2x more likely to land on the injured list with a shoulder injury, and 4x more likely to need shoulder surgery.

Co-authored with Kevin Wilk, Dr. James Andrews, Glenn Fleisig and Mike Reinold, among others.

Shoulder, Elbow and Baseball

  1. 2026
    Interval Throwing Programs of Various Duration for Baseball Players Based on Biomechanical Workload Data
    Reinold MM, Dowling B, Fleisig GS, Macrina LC, et al. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2026.
  2. 2024
    An Interval Throwing Program for Baseball Pitchers Based upon Workload Data
    Reinold MM, Dowling B, Fleisig GS, Macrina LC, et al. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2024.
  3. 2021
    The Safety and Efficacy of Weighted Baseballs
    Reinold MM, Macrina LC. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2021.
  4. 2020
    Acute Effects of Weighted Baseball Throwing Programs on Shoulder Range of Motion
    Reinold MM, Macrina LC, Fleisig GS, et al. Sports Health. 2020.
  5. 2018
  6. 2015
  7. 2014
  8. 2014
    Nonoperative and postoperative rehabilitation for injuries of the throwing shoulder
    Wilk KE, Macrina LC. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review. 2014.
  9. 2013
  10. 2013
    The recognition and treatment of superior labral (slap) lesions in the overhead athlete
    Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Cain EL, et al. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2013.
  11. 2013
  12. 2013
  13. 2012
    Rehabilitation of the Overhead Athlete's Elbow
    Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Cain EL, et al. Sports Health. 2012.
  14. 2012
  15. 2010
  16. 2010
  17. 2009
  18. 2008
  19. 2007
    Changes in shoulder and elbow passive range of motion after pitching in professional baseball players
    Reinold MM, Wilk KE, Macrina LC, et al. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2007.
  20. 2007
  21. 2006
    Non-operative rehabilitation for traumatic and atraumatic glenohumeral instability
    Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Reinold MM. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2006.

Knee and ACL

  1. 2023
  2. 2012
    Recent advances in the rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries
    Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Cain EL, et al. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT). 2012.
  3. 2010
    Rehabilitation following Microfracture of the Knee
    Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Reinold MM. Cartilage. 2010.
  4. 2006
    Current concepts in the rehabilitation following articular cartilage repair procedures in the knee
    Reinold MM, Wilk KE, Macrina LC, et al. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT). 2006.

Source: PubMed. See the live PubMed search.